diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9c96aac..3a84e7b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.
 ## [Unreleased] - ReleaseDate
 
 ### Changed
+- [breaking-change] Removed `Error::Pin` variant.
 - [breaking-change] Update to `embedded-hal` 1.0.0.
 - Raised MSRV to version 1.75.0
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 773e27d..86a23bb 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ rtcc = "0.3"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 embedded-hal-mock = { version = "0.11.1", features = ["eh1"] }
+embedded-hal-bus = "0.2"
 linux-embedded-hal = "0.4.0"
 
 [profile.release]
diff --git a/src/ds3232.rs b/src/ds3232.rs
index 7be45f9..4492616 100644
--- a/src/ds3232.rs
+++ b/src/ds3232.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ where
     /// [`enable_32khz_output()`](#method.enable_32khz_output).
     ///
     /// Note: This is only available for DS3232 and DS3234 devices.
-    pub fn enable_32khz_output_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E, ()>> {
+    pub fn enable_32khz_output_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let status = self.status | BitFlags::BB32KHZ;
         self.write_status_without_clearing_alarm(status)
     }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ where
     /// it enabled. See [`enable_32khz_output()`](#method.enable_32khz_output).
     ///
     /// Note: This is only available for DS3232 and DS3234 devices.
-    pub fn disable_32khz_output_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E, ()>> {
+    pub fn disable_32khz_output_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let status = self.status & !BitFlags::BB32KHZ;
         self.write_status_without_clearing_alarm(status)
     }
@@ -55,10 +55,7 @@ where
     /// temperature changes will not be compensated for.
     ///
     /// Note: This is only available for DS3232 and DS3234 devices.
-    pub fn set_temperature_conversion_rate(
-        &mut self,
-        rate: TempConvRate,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error<E, ()>> {
+    pub fn set_temperature_conversion_rate(&mut self, rate: TempConvRate) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let status = match rate {
             TempConvRate::_64s => self.status & !BitFlags::CRATE1 & !BitFlags::CRATE0,
             TempConvRate::_128s => self.status & !BitFlags::CRATE1 | BitFlags::CRATE0,
diff --git a/src/ds3234.rs b/src/ds3234.rs
index 9b41147..e578ef2 100644
--- a/src/ds3234.rs
+++ b/src/ds3234.rs
@@ -2,21 +2,17 @@
 use crate::interface::{SpiInterface, WriteData};
 use crate::{ic, BitFlags, Ds323x, Error, Register, TempConvRate, CONTROL_POR_VALUE};
 use core::marker::PhantomData;
-use embedded_hal::{digital::OutputPin, spi};
+use embedded_hal::spi;
 
-impl<SPI, CS, CommE, PinE> Ds323x<SpiInterface<SPI, CS>, ic::DS3234>
+impl<SPI, E> Ds323x<SpiInterface<SPI>, ic::DS3234>
 where
-    SPI: spi::SpiDevice<u8, Error = CommE>,
-    CS: OutputPin<Error = PinE>,
+    SPI: spi::SpiDevice<u8, Error = E>,
 {
     /// Create a new instance.
-    pub fn new_ds3234(spi: SPI, chip_select: CS) -> Self {
+    pub fn new_ds3234(spi: SPI) -> Self {
         const STATUS_POR_VALUE: u8 = BitFlags::OSC_STOP | BitFlags::BB32KHZ | BitFlags::EN32KHZ;
         Ds323x {
-            iface: SpiInterface {
-                spi,
-                cs: chip_select,
-            },
+            iface: SpiInterface { spi },
             control: CONTROL_POR_VALUE,
             status: STATUS_POR_VALUE,
             _ic: PhantomData,
@@ -24,8 +20,8 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Destroy driver instance, return SPI bus instance and CS output pin.
-    pub fn destroy_ds3234(self) -> (SPI, CS) {
-        (self.iface.spi, self.iface.cs)
+    pub fn destroy_ds3234(self) -> SPI {
+        self.iface.spi
     }
 
     /// Enable the 32kHz output when battery-powered. (enabled per default)
@@ -34,7 +30,7 @@ where
     /// [`enable_32khz_output()`](#method.enable_32khz_output).
     ///
     /// Note: This is only available for DS3232 and DS3234 devices.
-    pub fn enable_32khz_output_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn enable_32khz_output_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let status = self.status | BitFlags::BB32KHZ;
         self.write_status_without_clearing_alarm(status)
     }
@@ -45,7 +41,7 @@ where
     /// it enabled. See [`enable_32khz_output()`](#method.enable_32khz_output).
     ///
     /// Note: This is only available for DS3232 and DS3234 devices.
-    pub fn disable_32khz_output_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn disable_32khz_output_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let status = self.status & !BitFlags::BB32KHZ;
         self.write_status_without_clearing_alarm(status)
     }
@@ -57,10 +53,7 @@ where
     /// temperature changes will not be compensated for.
     ///
     /// Note: This is only available for DS3232 and DS3234 devices.
-    pub fn set_temperature_conversion_rate(
-        &mut self,
-        rate: TempConvRate,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn set_temperature_conversion_rate(&mut self, rate: TempConvRate) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let status = match rate {
             TempConvRate::_64s => self.status & !BitFlags::CRATE1 & !BitFlags::CRATE0,
             TempConvRate::_128s => self.status & !BitFlags::CRATE1 | BitFlags::CRATE0,
@@ -73,14 +66,14 @@ where
     /// Enable the temperature conversions when battery-powered. (enabled per default)
     ///
     /// Note: This is only available for DS3234 devices.
-    pub fn enable_temperature_conversions_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn enable_temperature_conversions_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         self.iface.write_register(Register::TEMP_CONV, 0)
     }
 
     /// Disable the temperature conversions when battery-powered.
     ///
     /// Note: This is only available for DS3234 devices.
-    pub fn disable_temperature_conversions_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn disable_temperature_conversions_on_battery(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         self.iface
             .write_register(Register::TEMP_CONV, BitFlags::TEMP_CONV_BAT)
     }
diff --git a/src/ds323x/alarms.rs b/src/ds323x/alarms.rs
index a883b30..c494f6e 100644
--- a/src/ds323x/alarms.rs
+++ b/src/ds323x/alarms.rs
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ fn amend_hour(hours: Hours) -> Hours {
     }
 }
 
-impl<DI, IC, CommE, PinE> Ds323x<DI, IC>
+impl<DI, IC, E> Ds323x<DI, IC>
 where
-    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>> + WriteData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>>,
+    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<E>> + WriteData<Error = Error<E>>,
 {
     /// Set Alarm1 for day of the month.
     ///
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ where
         &mut self,
         when: DayAlarm1,
         matching: Alarm1Matching,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    ) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let day_invalid = when.day < 1 || when.day > 31;
         let hour_invalid = is_hour_valid(when.hour);
         let minute_invalid = when.minute > 59;
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// Will return an `Error::InvalidInputData` if any of the parameters is out of range.
     /// The day is not used by this matching strategy and is set to 1.
-    pub fn set_alarm1_hms(&mut self, when: NaiveTime) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn set_alarm1_hms(&mut self, when: NaiveTime) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let alarm = DayAlarm1 {
             day: 1,
             hour: Hours::H24(when.hour() as u8),
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ where
         &mut self,
         when: WeekdayAlarm1,
         matching: Alarm1Matching,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    ) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let weekday_invalid = when.weekday < 1 || when.weekday > 7;
         let hour_invalid = is_hour_valid(when.hour);
         let minute_invalid = when.minute > 59;
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ where
         &mut self,
         when: DayAlarm2,
         matching: Alarm2Matching,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    ) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let day_invalid = when.day < 1 || when.day > 31;
         let hour_invalid = is_hour_valid(when.hour);
         let minute_invalid = when.minute > 59;
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// Will return an `Error::InvalidInputData` if any of the parameters is out of range.
     /// The day is not used by this matching strategy and is set to 1.
-    pub fn set_alarm2_hm(&mut self, when: NaiveTime) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn set_alarm2_hm(&mut self, when: NaiveTime) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let alarm = DayAlarm2 {
             day: 1,
             hour: Hours::H24(when.hour() as u8),
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ where
         &mut self,
         when: WeekdayAlarm2,
         matching: Alarm2Matching,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    ) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let weekday_invalid = when.weekday < 1 || when.weekday > 7;
         let hour_invalid = is_hour_valid(when.hour);
         let minute_invalid = when.minute > 59;
diff --git a/src/ds323x/configuration.rs b/src/ds323x/configuration.rs
index 1a6327e..ec3b36e 100644
--- a/src/ds323x/configuration.rs
+++ b/src/ds323x/configuration.rs
@@ -5,18 +5,18 @@ use crate::{
     BitFlags, Ds323x, Error, Register, SqWFreq,
 };
 
-impl<DI, IC, CommE, PinE> Ds323x<DI, IC>
+impl<DI, IC, E> Ds323x<DI, IC>
 where
-    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>> + WriteData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>>,
+    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<E>> + WriteData<Error = Error<E>>,
 {
     /// Enable the oscillator (set the clock running) (default).
-    pub fn enable(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn enable(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let control = self.control;
         self.write_control(control & !BitFlags::EOSC)
     }
 
     /// Disable the oscillator (stops the clock).
-    pub fn disable(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn disable(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let control = self.control;
         self.write_control(control | BitFlags::EOSC)
     }
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ where
     /// Force a temperature conversion and time compensation with TXCO algorithm.
     ///
     /// The *busy* status should be checked before doing this. See [`busy()`](#method.busy)
-    pub fn convert_temperature(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn convert_temperature(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let control = self.iface.read_register(Register::CONTROL)?;
         // do not overwrite if a conversion is in progress
         if (control & BitFlags::TEMP_CONV) == 0 {
@@ -35,55 +35,55 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Enable the 32kHz output. (enabled per default)
-    pub fn enable_32khz_output(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn enable_32khz_output(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let status = self.status | BitFlags::EN32KHZ;
         self.write_status_without_clearing_alarm(status)
     }
 
     /// Disable the 32kHz output.
-    pub fn disable_32khz_output(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn disable_32khz_output(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let status = self.status & !BitFlags::EN32KHZ;
         self.write_status_without_clearing_alarm(status)
     }
 
     /// Set the aging offset.
-    pub fn set_aging_offset(&mut self, offset: i8) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn set_aging_offset(&mut self, offset: i8) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         self.iface
             .write_register(Register::AGING_OFFSET, offset as u8)
     }
 
     /// Read the aging offset.
-    pub fn aging_offset(&mut self) -> Result<i8, Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn aging_offset(&mut self) -> Result<i8, Error<E>> {
         let offset = self.iface.read_register(Register::AGING_OFFSET)?;
         Ok(offset as i8)
     }
 
     /// Set the interrupt/square-wave output to be used as interrupt output.
-    pub fn use_int_sqw_output_as_interrupt(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn use_int_sqw_output_as_interrupt(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let control = self.control;
         self.write_control(control | BitFlags::INTCN)
     }
 
     /// Set the interrupt/square-wave output to be used as square-wave output. (default)
-    pub fn use_int_sqw_output_as_square_wave(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn use_int_sqw_output_as_square_wave(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let control = self.control;
         self.write_control(control & !BitFlags::INTCN)
     }
 
     /// Enable battery-backed square wave generation.
-    pub fn enable_square_wave(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn enable_square_wave(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let control = self.control;
         self.write_control(control | BitFlags::BBSQW)
     }
 
     /// Disable battery-backed square wave generation.
-    pub fn disable_square_wave(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn disable_square_wave(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let control = self.control;
         self.write_control(control & !BitFlags::BBSQW)
     }
 
     /// Set the square-wave output frequency.
-    pub fn set_square_wave_frequency(&mut self, freq: SqWFreq) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn set_square_wave_frequency(&mut self, freq: SqWFreq) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let new_control = match freq {
             SqWFreq::_1Hz => self.control & !BitFlags::RS2 & !BitFlags::RS1,
             SqWFreq::_1_024Hz => self.control & !BitFlags::RS2 | BitFlags::RS1,
@@ -94,30 +94,30 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Enable Alarm1 interrupts.
-    pub fn enable_alarm1_interrupts(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn enable_alarm1_interrupts(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let control = self.control;
         self.write_control(control | BitFlags::ALARM1_INT_EN)
     }
 
     /// Disable Alarm1 interrupts.
-    pub fn disable_alarm1_interrupts(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn disable_alarm1_interrupts(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let control = self.control;
         self.write_control(control & !BitFlags::ALARM1_INT_EN)
     }
 
     /// Enable Alarm2 interrupts.
-    pub fn enable_alarm2_interrupts(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn enable_alarm2_interrupts(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let control = self.control;
         self.write_control(control | BitFlags::ALARM2_INT_EN)
     }
 
     /// Disable Alarm2 interrupts.
-    pub fn disable_alarm2_interrupts(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn disable_alarm2_interrupts(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let control = self.control;
         self.write_control(control & !BitFlags::ALARM2_INT_EN)
     }
 
-    fn write_control(&mut self, control: u8) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    fn write_control(&mut self, control: u8) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         self.iface.write_register(Register::CONTROL, control)?;
         self.control = control;
         Ok(())
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn write_status_without_clearing_alarm(
         &mut self,
         status: u8,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    ) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         // avoid clearing alarm flags
         let new_status = status | BitFlags::ALARM2F | BitFlags::ALARM1F;
         self.iface.write_register(Register::STATUS, new_status)?;
diff --git a/src/ds323x/datetime.rs b/src/ds323x/datetime.rs
index ba148e1..41fd610 100644
--- a/src/ds323x/datetime.rs
+++ b/src/ds323x/datetime.rs
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ use crate::{
     Register, Rtcc, Timelike,
 };
 
-impl<DI, IC, CommE, PinE> DateTimeAccess for Ds323x<DI, IC>
+impl<DI, IC, E> DateTimeAccess for Ds323x<DI, IC>
 where
-    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>> + WriteData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>>,
+    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<E>> + WriteData<Error = Error<E>>,
 {
-    type Error = Error<CommE, PinE>;
+    type Error = Error<E>;
 
     fn datetime(&mut self) -> Result<NaiveDateTime, Self::Error> {
         let mut data = [0; 8];
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<DI, IC, CommE, PinE> Rtcc for Ds323x<DI, IC>
+impl<DI, IC, E> Rtcc for Ds323x<DI, IC>
 where
-    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>> + WriteData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>>,
+    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<E>> + WriteData<Error = Error<E>>,
 {
     fn seconds(&mut self) -> Result<u8, Self::Error> {
         self.read_register_decimal(Register::SECONDS)
@@ -212,20 +212,16 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<DI, IC, CommE, PinE> Ds323x<DI, IC>
+impl<DI, IC, E> Ds323x<DI, IC>
 where
-    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>> + WriteData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>>,
+    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<E>> + WriteData<Error = Error<E>>,
 {
-    fn read_register_decimal(&mut self, register: u8) -> Result<u8, Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    fn read_register_decimal(&mut self, register: u8) -> Result<u8, Error<E>> {
         let data = self.iface.read_register(register)?;
         Ok(packed_bcd_to_decimal(data))
     }
 
-    fn write_register_decimal(
-        &mut self,
-        register: u8,
-        decimal_number: u8,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    fn write_register_decimal(&mut self, register: u8, decimal_number: u8) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         self.iface
             .write_register(register, decimal_to_packed_bcd(decimal_number))
     }
diff --git a/src/ds323x/mod.rs b/src/ds323x/mod.rs
index 4abd078..63c59ba 100644
--- a/src/ds323x/mod.rs
+++ b/src/ds323x/mod.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn packed_bcd_to_decimal(bcd: u8) -> u8 {
     (bcd >> 4) * 10 + (bcd & 0xF)
 }
 
-fn hours_to_register<CommE, PinE>(hours: Hours) -> Result<u8, Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+fn hours_to_register<E>(hours: Hours) -> Result<u8, Error<E>> {
     match hours {
         Hours::H24(h) if h > 23 => Err(Error::InvalidInputData),
         Hours::H24(h) => Ok(decimal_to_packed_bcd(h)),
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn hours_to_register<CommE, PinE>(hours: Hours) -> Result<u8, Error<CommE, PinE>
     }
 }
 
-fn some_or_invalid_error<T, CommE, PinE>(data: Option<T>) -> Result<T, Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+fn some_or_invalid_error<T, E>(data: Option<T>) -> Result<T, Error<E>> {
     if let Some(data) = data {
         Ok(data)
     } else {
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn if_some_then_get_inner() {
-        match some_or_invalid_error::<u8, (), ()>(Some(1)) {
+        match some_or_invalid_error::<u8, ()>(Some(1)) {
             Ok(1) => (),
             _ => panic!(),
         }
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn if_none_then_error() {
-        match some_or_invalid_error::<u8, (), ()>(None) {
+        match some_or_invalid_error::<u8, ()>(None) {
             Err(Error::InvalidDeviceState) => (),
             _ => panic!(),
         }
diff --git a/src/ds323x/status.rs b/src/ds323x/status.rs
index c3d1afd..fc4d216 100644
--- a/src/ds323x/status.rs
+++ b/src/ds323x/status.rs
@@ -5,18 +5,18 @@ use crate::{
     BitFlags, Ds323x, Error, Register,
 };
 
-impl<DI, IC, CommE, PinE> Ds323x<DI, IC>
+impl<DI, IC, E> Ds323x<DI, IC>
 where
-    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>> + WriteData<Error = Error<CommE, PinE>>,
+    DI: ReadData<Error = Error<E>> + WriteData<Error = Error<E>>,
 {
     /// Read whether the oscillator is running
-    pub fn running(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn running(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error<E>> {
         let control = self.iface.read_register(Register::CONTROL)?;
         Ok((control & BitFlags::EOSC) == 0)
     }
 
     /// Read the busy status
-    pub fn busy(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn busy(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error<E>> {
         let status = self.iface.read_register(Register::STATUS)?;
         Ok((status & BitFlags::BUSY) != 0)
     }
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// Once this is true, it will stay as such until cleared with
     /// [`clear_has_been_stopped_flag()`](#method.clear_has_been_stopped_flag)
-    pub fn has_been_stopped(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn has_been_stopped(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error<E>> {
         let status = self.iface.read_register(Register::STATUS)?;
         Ok((status & BitFlags::OSC_STOP) != 0)
     }
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ where
     /// stopped at some point.
     ///
     /// See also: [`has_been_stopped()`](#method.has_been_stopped)
-    pub fn clear_has_been_stopped_flag(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn clear_has_been_stopped_flag(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let status = self.status & !BitFlags::OSC_STOP;
         self.write_status_without_clearing_alarm(status)
     }
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// Once this is true, it will stay as such until cleared with
     /// [`clear_alarm1_matched_flag()`](#method.clear_alarm1_matched_flag)
-    pub fn has_alarm1_matched(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn has_alarm1_matched(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error<E>> {
         let status = self.iface.read_register(Register::STATUS)?;
         Ok((status & BitFlags::ALARM1F) != 0)
     }
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ where
     /// Clear flag signalling whether the Alarm1 has matched at some point.
     ///
     /// See also: [`has_alarm1_matched()`](#method.has_alarm1_matched)
-    pub fn clear_alarm1_matched_flag(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn clear_alarm1_matched_flag(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let status = self.status | BitFlags::ALARM2F;
         self.iface.write_register(Register::STATUS, status)
     }
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// Once this is true, it will stay as such until cleared with
     /// [`clear_alarm2_matched_flag()`](#method.clear_alarm2_matched_flag)
-    pub fn has_alarm2_matched(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn has_alarm2_matched(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error<E>> {
         let status = self.iface.read_register(Register::STATUS)?;
         Ok((status & BitFlags::ALARM2F) != 0)
     }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ where
     /// Clear flag signalling whether the Alarm2 has matched at some point.
     ///
     /// See also: [`has_alarm2_matched()`](#method.has_alarm2_matched)
-    pub fn clear_alarm2_matched_flag(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn clear_alarm2_matched_flag(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
         let status = self.status | BitFlags::ALARM1F;
         self.iface.write_register(Register::STATUS, status)
     }
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// Note: It is possible to manually force a temperature conversion with
     /// [`convert_temperature()`](#method.convert_temperature)
-    pub fn temperature(&mut self) -> Result<f32, Error<CommE, PinE>> {
+    pub fn temperature(&mut self) -> Result<f32, Error<E>> {
         let mut data = [Register::TEMP_MSB, 0, 0];
         self.iface.read_data(&mut data)?;
         let is_negative = (data[1] & 0b1000_0000) != 0;
diff --git a/src/interface.rs b/src/interface.rs
index a9af70a..9ff7df4 100644
--- a/src/interface.rs
+++ b/src/interface.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! I2C/SPI interfaces
 
 use crate::{private, Error, DEVICE_ADDRESS};
-use embedded_hal::{digital::OutputPin, i2c, spi};
+use embedded_hal::{i2c, spi};
 
 /// I2C interface
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@ pub struct I2cInterface<I2C> {
 
 /// SPI interface
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct SpiInterface<SPI, CS> {
+pub struct SpiInterface<SPI> {
     pub(crate) spi: SPI,
-    pub(crate) cs: CS,
 }
 
 /// Write data
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ impl<I2C, E> WriteData for I2cInterface<I2C>
 where
     I2C: i2c::I2c<Error = E>,
 {
-    type Error = Error<E, ()>;
+    type Error = Error<E>;
     fn write_register(&mut self, register: u8, data: u8) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
         let payload: [u8; 2] = [register, data];
         self.i2c
@@ -43,28 +42,20 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<SPI, CS, CommE, PinE> WriteData for SpiInterface<SPI, CS>
+impl<SPI, E> WriteData for SpiInterface<SPI>
 where
-    SPI: spi::SpiDevice<u8, Error = CommE>,
-    CS: OutputPin<Error = PinE>,
+    SPI: spi::SpiDevice<u8, Error = E>,
 {
-    type Error = Error<CommE, PinE>;
+    type Error = Error<E>;
     fn write_register(&mut self, register: u8, data: u8) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.cs.set_low().map_err(Error::Pin)?;
-
         let payload: [u8; 2] = [register + 0x80, data];
         let result = self.spi.write(&payload).map_err(Error::Comm);
-
-        self.cs.set_high().map_err(Error::Pin)?;
         result
     }
 
     fn write_data(&mut self, payload: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.cs.set_low().map_err(Error::Pin)?;
         payload[0] += 0x80;
         let result = self.spi.write(payload).map_err(Error::Comm);
-
-        self.cs.set_high().map_err(Error::Pin)?;
         result
     }
 }
@@ -83,7 +74,7 @@ impl<I2C, E> ReadData for I2cInterface<I2C>
 where
     I2C: i2c::I2c<Error = E>,
 {
-    type Error = Error<E, ()>;
+    type Error = Error<E>;
     fn read_register(&mut self, register: u8) -> Result<u8, Self::Error> {
         let mut data = [0];
         self.i2c
@@ -100,24 +91,18 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<SPI, CS, CommE, PinE> ReadData for SpiInterface<SPI, CS>
+impl<SPI, E> ReadData for SpiInterface<SPI>
 where
-    SPI: spi::SpiDevice<u8, Error = CommE>,
-    CS: OutputPin<Error = PinE>,
+    SPI: spi::SpiDevice<u8, Error = E>,
 {
-    type Error = Error<CommE, PinE>;
+    type Error = Error<E>;
     fn read_register(&mut self, register: u8) -> Result<u8, Self::Error> {
-        self.cs.set_low().map_err(Error::Pin)?;
         let mut data = [register, 0];
         let result = self.spi.transfer_in_place(&mut data).map_err(Error::Comm);
-        self.cs.set_high().map_err(Error::Pin)?;
         result.and(Ok(data[1]))
     }
 
     fn read_data(&mut self, payload: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.cs.set_low().map_err(Error::Pin)?;
-        let result = self.spi.transfer(payload, &[]).map_err(Error::Comm);
-        self.cs.set_high().map_err(Error::Pin)?;
-        result
+        self.spi.transfer_in_place(payload).map_err(Error::Comm)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 2a81541..a44b401 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -157,15 +157,17 @@
 //!
 //! ```no_run
 //! use ds323x::Ds323x;
-//! use linux_embedded_hal::{SysfsPin as Pin, Spidev};
+//! use embedded_hal_bus::spi::ExclusiveDevice;
+//! use linux_embedded_hal::{Delay, SpidevBus, SysfsPin};
 //!
-//! let dev = Spidev::open("/dev/spidev0.0").unwrap();
-//! let chip_select = Pin::new(24);
-//! let rtc = Ds323x::new_ds3234(dev, chip_select);
+//! let spi = SpidevBus::open("/dev/spidev0.0").unwrap();
+//! let chip_select = SysfsPin::new(25);
+//! let dev = ExclusiveDevice::new(spi, chip_select, Delay).unwrap();
+//! let rtc = Ds323x::new_ds3234(dev);
 //! // do something...
 //!
-//! // get the SPI device and chip select pin back
-//! let (dev, chip_select) = rtc.destroy_ds3234();
+//! // get the SPI device back
+//! let dev = rtc.destroy_ds3234();
 //! ```
 //!
 //! ### Set the current date and time at once
@@ -375,11 +377,9 @@ pub const SPI_MODE_3: Mode = MODE_3;
 
 /// All possible errors in this crate
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum Error<CommE, PinE> {
+pub enum Error<E> {
     /// I²C/SPI bus error
-    Comm(CommE),
-    /// Pin setting error
-    Pin(PinE),
+    Comm(E),
     /// Invalid input data provided
     InvalidInputData,
     /// Internal device state is invalid.
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ mod private {
     use super::{ic, interface};
     pub trait Sealed {}
 
-    impl<SPI, CS> Sealed for interface::SpiInterface<SPI, CS> {}
+    impl<SPI> Sealed for interface::SpiInterface<SPI> {}
     impl<I2C> Sealed for interface::I2cInterface<I2C> {}
 
     impl Sealed for ic::DS3231 {}
diff --git a/tests/alarms.rs b/tests/alarms.rs
index 11106f6..f3140aa 100644
--- a/tests/alarms.rs
+++ b/tests/alarms.rs
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ macro_rules! set_alarm_test {
     ($name:ident, $method:ident, $register:ident, [ $( $registers:expr ),+ ], $( $value:expr ),+) => {
         set_values_test!($name, $method,
             [ I2cTrans::write(DEV_ADDR, vec![Register::$register, $( $registers ),*]) ],
-            [ SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $( $registers ),*]) ],
+            [ SpiTrans::transaction_start(), SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $( $registers ),*]), SpiTrans::transaction_end() ],
             $($value),*
         );
     };
diff --git a/tests/common/mod.rs b/tests/common/mod.rs
index 1db8cb8..a460710 100644
--- a/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ pub fn new_ds3232(
 
 pub fn new_ds3234(
     transactions: &[SpiTrans<u8>],
-) -> Ds323x<interface::SpiInterface<SpiMock<u8>, DummyOutputPin>, ic::DS3234> {
-    Ds323x::new_ds3234(SpiMock::new(transactions), DummyOutputPin)
+) -> Ds323x<interface::SpiInterface<SpiMock<u8>>, ic::DS3234> {
+    Ds323x::new_ds3234(SpiMock::new(transactions))
 }
 
 pub fn destroy_ds3231(dev: Ds323x<interface::I2cInterface<I2cMock>, ic::DS3231>) {
@@ -98,10 +98,8 @@ pub fn destroy_ds3232(dev: Ds323x<interface::I2cInterface<I2cMock>, ic::DS3232>)
     dev.destroy_ds3232().done();
 }
 
-pub fn destroy_ds3234(
-    dev: Ds323x<interface::SpiInterface<SpiMock<u8>, DummyOutputPin>, ic::DS3234>,
-) {
-    dev.destroy_ds3234().0.done();
+pub fn destroy_ds3234(dev: Ds323x<interface::SpiInterface<SpiMock<u8>>, ic::DS3234>) {
+    dev.destroy_ds3234().done();
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
@@ -210,10 +208,14 @@ macro_rules! get_param_test {
                 vec![Register::$register],
                 vec![$binary_value]
             )],
-            [SpiTrans::transfer(
-                vec![Register::$register, 0],
-                vec![Register::$register, $binary_value]
-            )]
+            [
+                SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                SpiTrans::transfer_in_place(
+                    vec![Register::$register, 0],
+                    vec![Register::$register, $binary_value]
+                ),
+                SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
+            ]
         );
     };
 }
@@ -228,7 +230,10 @@ macro_rules! transactions_i2c_read {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! transactions_spi_read {
     ($register1:ident, [ $( $read_bin:expr ),+ ], [ $( $read_bin2:expr ),+ ]) => {
-        [ SpiTrans::transfer(vec![Register::$register1, $( $read_bin2 ),*], vec![Register::$register1, $( $read_bin ),*]) ]
+        [SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+         SpiTrans::transfer_in_place(vec![Register::$register1, $( $read_bin2 ),*], vec![Register::$register1, $( $read_bin ),*]),
+         SpiTrans::transaction_end()
+        ]
     }
 }
 
@@ -285,10 +290,11 @@ macro_rules! set_param_test {
                 DEV_ADDR,
                 vec![Register::$register, $binary_value]
             )],
-            [SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![
-                Register::$register + 0x80,
-                $binary_value
-            ])]
+            [
+                SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $binary_value]),
+                SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
+            ]
         );
     };
 }
diff --git a/tests/configuration.rs b/tests/configuration.rs
index e8762d2..6995291 100644
--- a/tests/configuration.rs
+++ b/tests/configuration.rs
@@ -46,10 +46,11 @@ macro_rules! call_method_test {
                 DEV_ADDR,
                 vec![Register::$register, $value_enabled]
             )],
-            [SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![
-                Register::$register + 0x80,
-                $value_enabled
-            ])]
+            [
+                SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $value_enabled]),
+                SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
+            ]
         );
     };
 }
@@ -83,10 +84,11 @@ macro_rules! call_method_status_test {
                 $method,
                 new_ds3234,
                 destroy_ds3234,
-                [SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![
-                    Register::STATUS + 0x80,
-                    $value_ds323x
-                ])]
+                [
+                    SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                    SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::STATUS + 0x80, $value_ds323x]),
+                    SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
+                ]
             );
         }
     };
@@ -104,10 +106,14 @@ macro_rules! change_if_necessary_test {
                     vec![Register::$register],
                     vec![$value_enabled]
                 )],
-                [SpiTrans::transfer(
-                    vec![Register::$register, 0],
-                    vec![Register::$register, $value_enabled]
-                )]
+                [
+                    SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                    SpiTrans::transfer_in_place(
+                        vec![Register::$register, 0],
+                        vec![Register::$register, $value_enabled]
+                    ),
+                    SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
+                ]
             );
 
             call_triple_test!(
@@ -122,11 +128,15 @@ macro_rules! change_if_necessary_test {
                     I2cTrans::write(DEV_ADDR, vec![Register::$register, $value_enabled])
                 ],
                 [
-                    SpiTrans::transfer(
+                    SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                    SpiTrans::transfer_in_place(
                         vec![Register::$register, 0],
                         vec![Register::$register, $value_disabled]
                     ),
-                    SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $value_enabled])
+                    SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
+                    SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                    SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $value_enabled]),
+                    SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
                 ]
             );
         }
diff --git a/tests/datetime.rs b/tests/datetime.rs
index 744d8b8..a10acb8 100644
--- a/tests/datetime.rs
+++ b/tests/datetime.rs
@@ -35,11 +35,15 @@ macro_rules! read_set_param_write_two_test {
                 I2cTrans::write(DEV_ADDR, vec![Register::$register, $bin1, $bin2])
             ],
             [
-                SpiTrans::transfer(
+                SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                SpiTrans::transfer_in_place(
                     vec![Register::$register, 0],
                     vec![Register::$register, $binary_value1_read]
                 ),
-                SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $bin1, $bin2])
+                SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
+                SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $bin1, $bin2]),
+                SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
             ]
         );
     };
@@ -60,11 +64,15 @@ macro_rules! read_set_param_test {
                 I2cTrans::write(DEV_ADDR, vec![Register::$register, $binary_value_write])
             ],
             [
-                SpiTrans::transfer(
+                SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                SpiTrans::transfer_in_place(
                     vec![Register::$register, 0],
                     vec![Register::$register, $binary_value_read]
                 ),
-                SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $binary_value_write])
+                SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
+                SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $binary_value_write]),
+                SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
             ]
         );
     };
@@ -256,7 +264,11 @@ macro_rules! transactions_i2c_write {
 
 macro_rules! transactions_spi_write {
     ($register:ident, [ $( $exp_bin:expr ),+ ]) => {
-            [ SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $( $exp_bin ),*]) ]
+            [
+                SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $( $exp_bin ),*]),
+                SpiTrans::transaction_end()
+            ]
     };
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/ds3232_4.rs b/tests/ds3232_4.rs
index d6f564e..ea6cb6e 100644
--- a/tests/ds3232_4.rs
+++ b/tests/ds3232_4.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,11 @@ macro_rules! call_method_status_test {
                 $method,
                 new_ds3234,
                 destroy_ds3234,
-                [SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::STATUS + 0x80, $value])]
+                [
+                    SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                    SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::STATUS + 0x80, $value]),
+                    SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
+                ]
             );
         }
     };
@@ -66,10 +70,11 @@ macro_rules! set_param_test_2_4 {
                 DEV_ADDR,
                 vec![Register::$register, $binary_value]
             )],
-            [SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![
-                Register::$register + 0x80,
-                $binary_value
-            ])]
+            [
+                SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+                SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::$register + 0x80, $binary_value]),
+                SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
+            ]
         );
     };
 }
diff --git a/tests/ds3234.rs b/tests/ds3234.rs
index 3c3801d..98bd9e1 100644
--- a/tests/ds3234.rs
+++ b/tests/ds3234.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ call_test!(
     enable_temperature_conversions_on_battery,
     new_ds3234,
     destroy_ds3234,
-    [SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::TEMP_CONV + 0x80, 0])]
+    [
+        SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+        SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::TEMP_CONV + 0x80, 0]),
+        SpiTrans::transaction_end()
+    ]
 );
 
 call_test!(
@@ -17,8 +21,9 @@ call_test!(
     disable_temperature_conversions_on_battery,
     new_ds3234,
     destroy_ds3234,
-    [SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![
-        Register::TEMP_CONV + 0x80,
-        BitFlags::TEMP_CONV_BAT
-    ])]
+    [
+        SpiTrans::transaction_start(),
+        SpiTrans::write_vec(vec![Register::TEMP_CONV + 0x80, BitFlags::TEMP_CONV_BAT]),
+        SpiTrans::transaction_end(),
+    ]
 );